On 5 July 1948, the National Health Service began operating across England and Wales. For the first time, most healthcare was available without direct payment when treatment was needed.

The NHS was created under the National Health Service Act 1946 and introduced by the Minister of Health, Aneurin Bevan. It brought together voluntary hospitals, municipal hospitals, specialist services and family doctors into a single publicly funded system. Around 2,700 hospitals became part of the new service.

The change was not universally welcomed. Many doctors were concerned about losing their independence and opposed joining the scheme. Bevan spent many months negotiating with medical organisations before the service opened. Most doctors eventually agreed to take part, allowing the NHS to begin as a nationwide service.

Public demand quickly exceeded official expectations. People who had delayed treatment because of cost now sought medical care, dental treatment and eye tests. Prescriptions, dental care and spectacles were initially provided without charge, although charges for some services were introduced later.

The NHS replaced a system in which access often depended on income, insurance or local provision. From its first day, it became one of the largest public services in Britain and has remained a central part of national life.